22 Jan 2024 Quantum Technology
Quantum Technology
This article covers ‘Daily Current Affairs’ and the topic details of “Quantum Technology” This topic is relevant in the “Science and Technology” section of the UPSC CSE exam.
UPSC MAINS GS3 Syllabus: Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology, Developments in Science and Technology
Why in the News?
The Mission Governing Board (MGB) of the National Quantum Mission (NQM) recently met to discuss NQM’s execution strategy and deadlines, as well as the development of the Mission Coordination Cell (MCC). The MCC will be established in an institution chosen by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) based on merit and existing infrastructure.
About National Quantum Mission:
- The National Quantum Mission (NQM), scheduled for the period 2023-2031, is a visionary initiative aimed at fostering scientific and industrial research and development (R&D) in Quantum Technology (QT).
- Under the purview of the Ministry of Science & Technology, the Department of Science and Technology (DST) will spearhead the implementation of this mission. India’s adoption of the NQM makes it the seventh country globally, following in the footsteps of the US, Austria, Finland, France, Canada, and China.
- Mission Objectives: The NQM seeks to cultivate and amplify scientific and industrial R&D in Quantum Technology, with a specific focus on creating a dynamic and innovative ecosystem. Its overarching goal is to position India as a leading player in the realm of quantum technologies.
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Key Features:
- The mission outlines ambitious targets, including the development of intermediate-scale quantum computers featuring 50-100 physical qubits within five years and scaling up to 50-1000 physical qubits within eight years.
- Unlike traditional computers that process information using bits (1 and 0), quantum computers leverage ‘qubits’ or ‘quantum bits’ as fundamental processing units.
- The NQM envisions advancements in various facets of quantum technology. This includes the development of high-sensitivity magnetometers for applications such as precision timing (atomic clocks), communications, and navigation.
- Additionally, it will support the design and synthesis of quantum materials like superconductors, novel semiconductor structures, and topological materials for the fabrication of quantum devices.
- Quantum Communications Development: One of the key thrust areas of the mission is the establishment of secure quantum communications. This involves satellite-based quantum communication between ground stations within India over a 2000 km range, facilitating secure quantum communications with other nations, and implementing inter-city quantum key distribution over 2000 km. The mission also envisions the creation of a multi-node Quantum network with quantum memories.
- Four Thematic Hubs: To facilitate focused research and development, the NQM will establish four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) in leading academic and National R&D institutes. These hubs will specialize in Quantum Computation, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing & Metrology, and Quantum Materials & Devices.
Advantages of Quantum Technology
Quantum Computing Power:
Quantum computers have the potential to execute complicated calculations much quicker than traditional computers. This could lead to groundbreaking advancements in fields like cryptography, optimization problems, and drug discovery.
Enhanced Computational Capabilities:
Quantum technology allows for the simultaneous processing of multiple possibilities, significantly enhancing computational capabilities. This could lead to solving intricate problems that were previously deemed unsolvable.
Quantum Communication Security:
Quantum communication ensures highly secure information transfer. Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a level of security that is theoretically immune to hacking attempts, providing a robust solution for secure communications.
Quantum Sensors and Imaging:
Quantum sensors exhibit unprecedented sensitivity, enabling precise measurements beyond classical limits. Quantum imaging technologies have the potential for enhanced resolution, benefiting fields such as medical imaging and geological exploration.
Quantum Metrology for Precision Measurements:
Quantum technology facilitates precision measurements with minimal uncertainty. This can significantly impact areas such as navigation, timekeeping, and the development of advanced sensors.
Quantum Materials and Devices:
Quantum materials offer unique properties that can be harnessed for the development of novel devices. Superconductors and topological materials, for instance, hold promise for creating advanced electronics and quantum devices.
Disadvantages of Quantum Technology
Technical Complexity:
Quantum technology involves complex theoretical concepts and intricate experimental setups. The development and maintenance of quantum systems require specialized knowledge, making it challenging for widespread adoption.
Quantum Decoherence:
Quantum systems are susceptible to decoherence, where the fragile quantum states become disrupted by external influences. Maintaining coherence over extended periods, essential for computing tasks, remains a significant challenge.
High Cost of Implementation:
Building and maintaining quantum systems entail significant costs. The specialized equipment, ultra-low temperatures required for certain quantum operations, and the need for isolation from external factors contribute to the high cost of implementation.
Limited Scalability:
Achieving scalability in quantum systems, especially in quantum computing, remains a formidable challenge. As the number of qubits increases, the probability of errors and the need for error correction mechanisms escalate, impacting the overall scalability.
Sensitivity to External Conditions:
Quantum systems are highly sensitive to their environment. Any interference, such as temperature fluctuations or electromagnetic fields, can lead to errors in quantum computations, posing a challenge for real-world applications.
Lack of Quantum Software and Algorithms:
The development of efficient quantum algorithms and software lags behind hardware advancements. The absence of a comprehensive suite of quantum software limits the practical utilization of quantum computers for specific applications.
Conclusion: While quantum technology promises unprecedented advancements, addressing the associated challenges is crucial for realizing its full potential. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to overcome these hurdles, paving the way for a future where quantum technology transforms various aspects of computing, communication, and sensing.
Download Yojna daily current affairs eng med 22nd Jan 2024
Prelims practice questions
Q1) Consider the following statements regarding the Quantum Technology
1) Qubit is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing.
2) Superposition property allows qubits to exist in multiple states simultaneously.
3) Entanglement phenomenon is responsible for the secure communication offered by quantum key distribution (QKD)
How many statements given above is/are correct?
- a) One
- b) Two
- c) Three
- d) None
ANSWER: C
Q2) In the context of quantum sensing, what distinguishes quantum sensors from classical sensors?
(a) Quantum sensors have lower sensitivity.
(b) Quantum sensors can only measure one property at a time.
(c) Quantum sensors exhibit unprecedented sensitivity, enabling precise measurements.
(d) Quantum sensors are not affected by external factors.
Answer: C
Mains practice Questions
Q1) How can quantum communication help in bolstering national security, particularly in securing critical infrastructure and communication channels.
Q2) Assess the potential impact of quantum technology on healthcare, including advancements in medical imaging, drug discovery, and personalized medicine.
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